what have i done to deserve Africa

[Jabuka Divljaka]

what have i done to deserve black diamond Africa,

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ndzYXh92o8&feature=related

:069::066:

[Jabuka Divljaka]

YouTube - ‪Chaka Khan Ain't nobody dance remix 2008‬‏ (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqFaPX9n6eU&feature=related)

[Jabuka Divljaka]

Africa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_%28disambiguation%29).
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi)
Africa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg) Area 30,221,532 km2 (11,668,598.7 sq mi) Population 1,000,010,000[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-esa.un.org-0) (2005, 2nd (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_continents_by_population)) Pop. density 30.51/km2 (about 80/sq mi) Demonym (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) African (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African) Countries 54 (List of countries (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_and_territories)) Dependencies List[show]

Languages List of languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Africa) Time Zones UTC-1 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC-1) to UTC+4 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B4) Largest cities List of cities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_metropolitan_areas_in_Africa) Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent), after Asia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia). At about 30.2 million km² (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth)'s total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-Sayre-1) With 1.0 billion people (as of 2009, see table (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Territories_and_regions)) in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14.72% of the world (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World)'s human (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human) population (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population).
The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) to the north, both the Suez Canal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) and the Red Sea (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) along the Sinai Peninsula (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula) to the northeast, the Indian Ocean (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean) to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean) to the west. The continent has 54 sovereign states (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_states), including Madagascar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar) and various island groups.
Africa, particularly central eastern Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Africa), is widely regarded within the scientific community (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_community) to be the origin of humans (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human) and the Hominidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae) clade (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade) (great apes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_ape)), as evidenced (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence) by the discovery of the earliest hominids (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominids) and their ancestors, as well as later ones that have been dated to around seven million years ago – including Sahelanthropus tchadensis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelanthropus_tchadensis), Australopithecus africanus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus), A. afarensis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis), Homo erectus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus), H. habilis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilis) and H. ergaster (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster) – with the earliest Homo sapiens (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens) (modern human) found in Ethiopia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) being dated to circa 200,000 years ago.[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-2)
Africa straddles the equator (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator) and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate) to southern temperate zones.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-3) The African expected economic growth rate is at about 5.0% for 2010 and 5.5% in 2011.[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-4)
Contents

[hide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#)]


1 Etymology (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Etymology)
2 History (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#History)

2.1 Paleohistory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Paleohistory)
2.2 Pre-history (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Pre-history)
2.3 Early civilizations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Early_civilizations)
2.4 9th–18th century (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#9th.E2.80.9318th_century)
2.5 Height of slave trade (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Height_of_slave_trade)
2.6 Colonialism and the "Scramble for Africa" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Colonialism_and_the_.22Scramble_for_Africa. 22)
2.7 Berlin Conference (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Berlin_Conference)
2.8 Independence struggles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Independence_struggles)
2.9 Post-colonial Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Post-colonial_Africa)

3 Geography (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Geography)

3.1 Climate (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Climate)
3.2 Fauna (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Fauna)
3.3 Ecology (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Ecology)

4 Politics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Politics)
5 Economy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Economy)
6 Demographics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Demographics)
7 Languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Languages)
8 Culture (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Culture)

8.1 Visual art and architecture (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Visual_art_and_architecture)
8.2 Music and dance (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Music_and_dance)
8.3 Sports (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Sports)

9 Religion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Religion)
10 Territories and regions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Territories_and_regions)
11 See also (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#See_also)
12 References (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#References)
13 Further reading (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Further_reading)
14 External links (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#External_links)

Etymology

Afri (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afri) was the name of several Semitic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic) peoples who dwelt in North Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa) near Carthage (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage) (in modern Tunisia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia)). Their name is usually connected with Phoenician (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_language) afar, "dust", but a 1981 hypothesis[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-5) has asserted that it stems from a Berber (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_language) word ifri or Ifran meaning "cave", in reference to cave dwellers.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-book_on_ligne-6) Africa or Ifri or Afer[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-book_on_ligne-6) is name of Banu Ifran (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran) from Algeria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) and Tripolitania (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania) (Berber (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people) Tribe of Yafran (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yafran)).[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-7)
Under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of Africa Province (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Province), which also included the coastal part of modern Libya (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya). The Roman suffix "-ca" denotes "country or land".[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-8) The later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya), modern-day Tunisia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia), also preserved a form of the name.
Other etymological hypotheses that have been postulated for the ancient name "Africa":


the 1st century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Josephus) (Ant. 1.15) asserted that it was named for Epher (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epher), grandson of Abraham (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham) according to Gen. 25:4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya.
Latin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) word aprica ("sunny") mentioned by Isidore of Seville (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville) in Etymologiae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae) XIV.5.2.
the Greek word aphrike (Αφρική), meaning "without cold." This was proposed by historian Leo Africanus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus) (1488–1554), who suggested the Greek word phrike (φρίκη, meaning "cold and horror"), combined with the privative (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privative) prefix "a-" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_privative), thus indicating a land free of cold and horror.
Massey, in 1881, derived an etymology from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, "to turn toward the opening of the Ka." The Ka (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_soul#Ka_.28life_force.29) is the energetic double of every person and "opening of the Ka" refers to a womb or birthplace. Africa would be, for the Egyptians, "the birthplace."[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-9)
yet another hypothesis was proposed by Michèle Fruyt in Revue de Philologie 50, 1976: 221–238, linking the Latin word with africus 'south wind', which would be of Umbrian origin and mean originally 'rainy wind'.

The Irish female name (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_name) Aifric is sometimes anglicised (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation) as Africa, but the given name is unrelated to the geonym (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonym).

[Jabuka Divljaka]

Etymology

Afri (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afri) was the name of several Semitic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic) peoples who dwelt in North Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa) near Carthage (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage) (in modern Tunisia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia)). Their name is usually connected with Phoenician (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_language) afar, "dust", but a 1981 hypothesis[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-5) has asserted that it stems from a Berber (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_language) word ifri or Ifran meaning "cave", in reference to cave dwellers.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-book_on_ligne-6) Africa or Ifri or Afer[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-book_on_ligne-6) is name of Banu Ifran (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran) from Algeria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) and Tripolitania (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania) (Berber (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people) Tribe of Yafran (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yafran)).[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-7)
Under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of Africa Province (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Province), which also included the coastal part of modern Libya (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya). The Roman suffix "-ca" denotes "country or land".[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-8) The later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya), modern-day Tunisia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia), also preserved a form of the name.
Other etymological hypotheses that have been postulated for the ancient name "Africa":


the 1st century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Josephus) (Ant. 1.15) asserted that it was named for Epher (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epher), grandson of Abraham (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham) according to Gen. 25:4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya.
Latin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) word aprica ("sunny") mentioned by Isidore of Seville (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville) in Etymologiae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae) XIV.5.2.
the Greek word aphrike (Αφρική), meaning "without cold." This was proposed by historian Leo Africanus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus) (1488–1554), who suggested the Greek word phrike (φρίκη, meaning "cold and horror"), combined with the privative (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privative) prefix "a-" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_privative), thus indicating a land free of cold and horror.
Massey, in 1881, derived an etymology from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, "to turn toward the opening of the Ka." The Ka (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_soul#Ka_.28life_force.29) is the energetic double of every person and "opening of the Ka" refers to a womb or birthplace. Africa would be, for the Egyptians, "the birthplace."[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-9)
yet another hypothesis was proposed by Michèle Fruyt in Revue de Philologie 50, 1976: 221–238, linking the Latin word with africus 'south wind', which would be of Umbrian origin and mean originally 'rainy wind'.

The Irish female name (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_name) Aifric is sometimes anglicised (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation) as Africa, but the given name is unrelated to the geonym (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonym).
History

Main article: History of Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Africa)
Further information: History of North Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North_Africa), History of West Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_West_Africa), History of Central Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa), History of East Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_East_Africa), and History of Southern Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa)
Paleohistory

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Massospondylus_BW.jpg/150px-Massospondylus_BW.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massospondylus_BW.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massospondylus_BW.jpg)
The African prosauropod Massospondylus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massospondylus).


At the beginning of the Mesozoic Era (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic_Era), Africa was joined with Earth's other continents in Pangaea (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) Africa shared the supercontinent's relatively uniform fauna which was dominated by theropods (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropods), prosauropods (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosauropods) and primitive ornithischians (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischians) by the close of the Triassic period (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic_period).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) Late Triassic fossils are found through-out Africa, but are more common in the south than north.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) The boundary separating the Triassic and Jurassic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic) marks the advent of an extinction event with global impact, although African strata from this time period have not been thoroughly studied.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10)
Early Jurassic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Jurassic) strata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum) are distributed in a similar fashion to Late Triassic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Triassic) beds, with more common outcrops in the south and less common fossil beds which are predominated by tracks to the north.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) As the Jurassic proceeded, larger and more iconic groups of dinosaurs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs) like sauropods (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropods) and ornithopods (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithopods) proliferated in Africa.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) Middle Jurassic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Jurassic) strata are neither well represented nor well studied in Africa.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) Late Jurassic strata are also poorly represented apart from the spectacular Tendaguru (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendaguru) fauna in Tanzania (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) The Late Jurassic life of Tendaguru (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendaguru_Formation) is very similar to that (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiota_of_the_Morrison_Formation) found in western North America's Morrison Formation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison_Formation).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10)
Midway through the Mesozoic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic), about 150–160 million years ago, Madagascar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar) separated from Africa, although it remained connected to India (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) and the rest of the Gondwanan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanan) landmasses.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) Fossils from Madagascar include abelisaurs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelisaur) and titanosaurs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanosaur).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Spinosaurus_BW2.png/200px-Spinosaurus_BW2.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_BW2.png) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_BW2.png)
The African theropod Spinosaurus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurus) was the largest known carnivorous dinosaur.


Later into the Early Cretaceous (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous) epoch, the India-Madagascar landmass separated from the rest of Gondwana.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) By the Late Cretaceous, Madagascar and India had permanently split ways and continued until later reaching their modern configurations.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10)
By contrast to Madagascar, mainland Africa was relatively stable in position through-out the Mesozoic.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) Despite the stable position, major changes occurred to its relation to other landmasses as the remains of Pangea continued to break apart.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) By the beginning of the Late Cretaceous epoch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous) South America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America) had split off from Africa, completing the southern half of the Atlantic Ocean (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) This event had a profound effect on global climate by altering ocean currents (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_currents).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10)
During the Cretaceous, Africa was populated by allosauroids (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosauroids) and spinosaurids (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurids), including the largest known carnivorous dinosaurs.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) Titanosaurs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanosaurs) were significant herbivores in its ancient ecosystems (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) Cretaceous sites are more common than Jurassic ones, but are often unable to be dated radiometrically making it difficult to know their exact ages.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10) Paleontologist Louis Jacobs, who spent time doing field work in Malawi,[citation needed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] says that African beds are "in need of more field work" and will prove to be a "fertile ground ... for discovery."[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-dinopedia-african-10)
Pre-history

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lucy_blackbg.jpg/150px-Lucy_blackbg.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucy_blackbg.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucy_blackbg.jpg)
Lucy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_%28Australopithecus%29), an Australopithecus afarensis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis) skeleton discovered on November 24, 1974, in the Awash Valley (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awash_Valley) of Ethiopia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia)'s Afar Depression (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_Depression)


Africa is considered by most paleoanthropologists (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoanthropologist) to be the oldest inhabited territory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind) on Earth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth), with the human (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human) species (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species) originating (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve) from the continent.[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-11)[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-12) During the middle of the 20th century, anthropologists (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology) discovered many fossils (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil) and evidence of human occupation perhaps as early as 7 million years ago. Fossil remains of several species of early apelike humans thought to have evolved (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution) into modern man, such as Australopithecus afarensis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis) (radiometrically dated (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometrically_dated) to approximately 3.9–3.0 million years BC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Christ)),[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-13) Paranthropus boisei (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei) (c. 2.3–1.4 million years BC)[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-14) and Homo ergaster (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster) (c. 1.9 million–600,000 years BC) have been discovered.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-Sayre-1)
Throughout humanity's prehistory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory), Africa (like all other continents) had no nation states (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state), and was instead inhabited by groups of hunter-gatherers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherers) such as the Khoi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoi) and San (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen).[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-15)[17] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-16)[18] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-17)
At the end of the Ice Ages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age), estimated to have been around 10,500 BC, the Sahara (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara) had again become a green fertile valley, and its African populations returned from the interior and coastal highlands in Sub-Saharan Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa)[citation needed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)]. However, the warming and drying climate meant that by 5000 BC the Sahara region was becoming increasingly dry and hostile. The population trekked out of the Sahara region towards the Nile Valley below the Second Cataract (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cataract) where they made permanent or semi-permanent settlements. A major climatic recession occurred, lessening the heavy and persistent rains in Central and Eastern Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Africa). Since this time dry conditions have prevailed in Eastern Africa, and increasingly during the last 200 years, in Ethiopia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia).
The domestication of cattle in Africa preceded agriculture and seems to have existed alongside hunter-gathering cultures. It is speculated that by 6000 BC cattle were already domesticated in North Africa.[19] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-18) In the Sahara-Nile complex, people domesticated many animals including the donkey (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey), and a small screw-horned goat which was common from Algeria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) to Nubia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia). In the year 4000 BC the climate of the Sahara started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace.[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-O.27Brien-19) This climate change (http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/earths-atmosphere/climate-article/?source=A-to-Z) caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing desertification (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification). This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and helped to cause migrations of farming communities to the more tropical climate of West Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa).[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-O.27Brien-19)
By the first millennium BC ironworking (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironwork) had been introduced in Northern Africa and quickly spread across the Sahara into the northern parts of sub-Saharan Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa)[21] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#cite_note-20) and by 500 BC metalworking began to become commonplace in West Africa. Ironworking was fully established by roughly 500 BC in many areas of East and West Africa, although other regions didn't begin ironworking until the early centuries AD. Copper (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper) objects from Egypt (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt), North Africa, Nubia and Ethiopia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) dating from around 500 BC have been excavated in West Africa, suggesting that trans-saharan tr (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-saharan_trade)

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKDQ3k6x2BY&feature=related

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YouTube - ‪Tina Turner - Simply The Best‬‏ (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIrCFrFpHvw)

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLeG9HuVEsU


YouTube - ‪jennifer lopez‬‏ (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIhJYtMjr4c&feature=related)

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YouTube - ‪Nigeria - Dr Alban - Born In Africa‬‏ (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-_IJCh4XEU&feature=related)

YouTube - ‪Congo - Classical Symphony Orchestra in Kinshasa - Carmina Burana‬‏ (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pURObHVM8JM&feature=related)

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zp1TbLFPp8&feature=fvwrel


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4H_Zoh7G5A

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U Africi gore 4 muslimanske zemlje u ratnim sukobima.,
a mnoge su muchene gladju, zhedju,.. i ponizavajucim zhivotnim uvjetima.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjSO-X7gxxQ

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allAfrica.com: Topical Focus Page: Somalia: Children Bear the Brunt of Conflict (http://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00013409.html)


http://allafrica.com/img/csi/00161325_4c14706842c0a2684d476fa5f0fb5c7e/h124.jpg
http://allafrica.com/img/csi/00140634_21fe0cb64129ed81ec3d8aa4fbe07daf/h124.jpg

http://allafrica.com/img/csi/00140634_21fe0cb64129ed81ec3d8aa4fbe07daf/w336.jpg

Manoocher Deghati/IRIN (http://www.irinnews.org/)
Children play outside at an internally displaced persons camp in Arare, southern Somalia.



Somalia: Under-Fives Make Up Almost Half of Mogadishu Casualties (news) (http://allafrica.com/stories/201106040019.html)
UN Integrated Regional Information Networks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIN)
31 May 2011


Hundreds of children younger than five have been wounded in the latest round of fighting in Mogadishu, Somalia's capital, accounting for almost half of all trauma cases in May, according to the UN ... [read more] (http://allafrica.com/stories/201106040019.html)


Somali Children Facing the Worst - UN (http://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00012018.html)
http://allafrica.com/img/csi/00120466_9fa6cd57b7143f77081f11f8ad4cefd7/w150.jpg

The United Nations envoy for children and armed conflict today deplored the rapid rise in the recruitment of children by armed groups in Somalia, as well as an emerging trend of girls being forced ...

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Gbagbo Urges Supporters To seek Peace, Rebuilding Ivory Coast


YouTube - ‪Gbagbo Urges Supporters To seek Peace, Rebuilding Ivory Coast‬‏ (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne8Ta_lwQQc&feature=player_embedded)

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http://fashionbombdaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/uhassan_07_test4.png

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BBC NEWS | In Pictures | Africa in pictures: 20-27 April (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6600823.stm)